Echinacea: A Natural Immunity Booster and Its Health Benefits
Discover the Power of Echinacea: Unleashing Nature's Immune Booster" - Dive into our blog to explore the health benefits of Echinacea, a popular herb with a rich history of use in traditional medicine. Learn how this Native American medicinal plant, used for over 400 years, can boost your immune system, relieve pain, and reduce inflammation. We delve into scientific research that suggests Echinacea's potential in treating a variety of infections, from urinary tract infections to slow-healing wounds. We also discuss its role in potentially shortening the duration of common cold and flu symptoms. Join us as we explore the power of Echinacea, but remember, always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
1) Introduction to Echinacea
Echinacea is a perennial herb
native to North America's midwestern region. It is one of America's most
popular herbs, named after the prickly scales on its enormous conical seed
head, which resemble the spines of an angry hedgehog (echinos is Greek for
hedgehog). Echinacea is well-known for its medicinal capabilities, and it is
used to treat a wide range of conditions, including infections, wounds, and as
a general "cure-all."
a) Historical Background and Description
Echinacea has a long history that
dates back more than 400 years. Archaeologists have discovered evidence that
Native Americans utilized echinacea to treat infections and wounds, as well as
as a general "cure-all" herb. Scarlet fever, syphilis, malaria, blood
poisoning, and diphtheria were also treated with the plant. The first
indication of echinacea use dates back to the 18th century.
Echinacea is a tall-stemmed plant
with single pink or purple blooms with a purple or brown cone in the center.
The huge cone is a seed head with sharp spines like a stiff comb.
Polysaccharides, glycoproteins, alkamides, volatile oils, and flavonoids are among
the compounds found in the plant that contribute to its therapeutic effects.
b) Different Species of Echinacea
Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea
pallida, and Echinacea purpurea are three species of echinacea that are
extensively used for medical purposes. Each species has distinct features and
applications. Echinacea pallida roots, for example, are approved for the
treatment of flu-like diseases, and Echinacea purpurea above-ground parts are
used to treat colds, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract
infections, and slow-healing wounds.
In addition to these species,
echinacea hybrids and cultivars have been developed for their distinct colors
and forms. 'Cheyenne Spirit,' 'Daydream,' 'Double Scoop Cranberry,' 'Intense
Orange,' 'Sunrise,' 'Fragrant Angel,' 'Orange Meadowbrite,' 'Butterfly Kisses,'
'Milk Shake,' and 'Marmalade' are among them.
Echinacea is a hardy plant that
can withstand drought, heat, humidity, and poor soil. It thrives in full sun
and ordinary, dry to medium, well-drained soil. If at least some of the seed
heads are left on the plant, it will freely self-seed, and it will usually
rebloom without deadheading. Purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea, is endemic
to damp plains, meadows, and open forests from the central to southeastern
United States. It normally grows to be 2-4' tall and flowers all summer.
Commercial production of echinacea began in Germany in 1939, and A. Vogel
introduced and grew the plant in Switzerland around 1950. Echinacea is now
grown all over the world for its therapeutic benefits. Overharvesting of wild
populations, particularly of endangered species, can, however, constitute a
sustainability issue in some locations.
d) Key Numerical Statistics on Echinacea
Echinacea is a genus comprising
nine related plant species native to North America. Over 40.3% of those who use
nutraceuticals ingest it. A meta-analysis found that Echinacea reduced the risk
of catching a cold by 58% (odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.25-0.71). Echinacea
was also observed to reduce cold duration by 1.4 days (Weighted Mean Difference
-1.44, -2.24 to -0.64). In a study of acute toxicity, the LD50 value was
calculated as 2500 mg/kg in female mice after an intraperitoneal injection of
the plant's polysaccharide component. The LD50 values of the plant juice after
oral and intravenous administration were greater than 30 g/kg and 10 g/kg in
mice, and 15 g/kg and 5 g/kg in rats, respectively. In a randomized blinded
trial of 108 patients, there was no significant difference in the incidence and
severity of colds and respiratory infections between the Echinacea and placebo
groups after 8 weeks of administration of the plant juice.
2) Chemical Composition of Echinacea
The chemical composition of
Echinacea, a perennial medicinal herb, is complicated. Echinacea's principal
ingredients are alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysaccharides.
Alkamides are implicated in the immunomodulatory characteristics of Echinacea
extracts, whereas caffeic acid is found in some Echinacea species and is
utilized for plant extract authentication and quality control. Polysaccharides
are important in the anti-inflammatory properties of Echinacea preparations.
Glycoproteins, flavonoids, and
phenolic compounds, which include caffeic acid derivatives such as caffeic
acid, chicoric acid, caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and echinacoside, are
also important families of bioactive substances extracted from Echinacea
species. The compounds recovered from Echinacea purpurea leaf extracts are
phylloxanthobilins, which are formed from the breakdown of chlorophyll.
a) Active Ingredients in Echinacea
The active components of
Echinacea, a popular herbal supplement, contribute to its therapeutic effects.
Alkamides, chicoric acid, and polysaccharides are examples of them.
The main lipophilic components in
Echinacea preparations are alkamides. They have been proven to stimulate
phagocytosis, which is the process by which cells engulf and remove dangerous
particles or bacteria. Following oral administration of Echinacea preparations,
alkamides are detectable in human blood at meaningful amounts. They are
structurally related to anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand.
As a result, alkamides were discovered to bind strongly to CB2 receptors, which
is currently thought to be a probable molecular method of action for Echinacea
alkamides as immunomodulatory drugs. Echinacea formulations containing
alkamides have effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines, implying a possible role
as anti-inflammatory drugs.
Chicoric acid is the primary
phenolic active component of Echinacea purpurea, which is best known for its
immune-boosting properties. Because of its promising pharmacological effects in
regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and
anti-aging qualities, and against digestive system illnesses, it has been
widely employed in pharmaceuticals, nutritional supplements, and health foods.
Polysaccharides extracted from
Echinacea purpurea have been demonstrated to stimulate human and murine
phagocytes, which are immune cells that absorb and kill dangerous particles or
bacteria. Echinacea polysaccharides were effective in activating peritoneal
macrophages, a type of phagocyte, and increasing their production of tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and cytotoxicity against tumor targets and
intracellular parasites in immunodeficient mice. Following a decrease in
leukocytes in the peripheral circulation, these polysaccharides produced an
earlier inflow of neutrophil granulocytes, another kind of immune cell,
indicating their possible function in increasing immunological response.
In conclusion, Echinacea's active
components, which include alkamides, chicoric acid, and polysaccharides,
contribute to its therapeutic capabilities by modifying immune response and
exerting anti-inflammatory actions. More research, however, is required to
completely understand their modes of action and therapeutic usefulness.
b) Variation in Chemical Constituents
Across Different Species of Echinacea
The chemical contents of
Echinacea change depending on the species. For example, -phellandrene was
discovered to be abundant in the roots of Echinacea purpurea but absent in all
tissues of Echinacea pallida. -Myrcene was detected in high proportions in the
flowers, leaves, and stems of all three Echinacea species, but was absent from
the roots of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea.
Dimethyl sulfide has been found
in minor amounts in all species' leaves, stems, and flowers; nevertheless, it
was the most prevalent component in Echinacea pallida roots and, second, in
Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea roots.
Echinacea purpurea also contains
14 hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 7 esters, 6 ketones, and 7 additional compounds.
In another study, compounds in an n-hexane extract of Echinacea purpurea were
identified as fatty acids (linoleic acid, hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid),
and octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), accounting for 25.8% of the extract,
followed by long-chain hydrocarbons (14.6%) and sterols (13.9%).
To summarize, the chemical
composition of Echinacea is complex and varies between species, which
contributes to their unique therapeutic qualities.
3) Medicinal Uses of Echinacea
a) Treatment and Prevention of
Upper Respiratory Infections using Echinacea
A meta-analysis of randomized
double-blind placebo-controlled trials employing Echinacea formulations to
prevent or treat URTIs discovered that Echinacea may have a preventive effect
on URTI incidence. The risk ratio for prevention was 0.78 [95% CI 0.68-0.88],
indicating a possible reduction in the probability of getting a URTI. The
clinical importance of this impact, however, is questionable. Another study
concluded that Echinacea's positive effects were minimal at best, with a
maximum estimated risk reduction of 15% to 20%. The same meta-analysis
discovered a mean difference in average length of -0.45 [95% CI 1.85-0.94] days
in the treatment of URTIs, demonstrating that Echinacea may not significantly
shorten the duration of a URTI.
A study on the efficacy of
Echinacea for URTIs in children, on the other hand, revealed that the benefits
of Echinacea in the setting of URTIs in children are likely confined to therapy
rather than prevention. Echinacea appears to be beneficial in the treatment of
URTIs when taken early, which is connected to a slower course of symptoms. To
summarize, while Echinacea may have a prophylactic effect on the occurrence of
URTIs, the clinical importance of this effect is currently being debated. It
may not considerably lessen the duration of a URTI, but if administered early
in the course of the illness, it may reduce the progression of symptoms.
b) Immune Function Improvement using
Echinacea
Echinacea, a perennial medicinal
herb, has been extensively researched for its immunomodulatory properties,
which suggest it can help control the immune system's response to infections.
It has been discovered to stimulate immune cells such as macrophages and
natural killer cells, which play an important role in protecting the body from
dangerous particles and bacteria. Some research has also found that echinacea
can enhance the production of certain cytokines, which are proteins involved in
immune response regulation.
Echinacea is well known as an
immunostimulant, and numerous studies back up these immunomodulatory effects,
with boosts in both innate and specific immunity. However, anti-inflammatory
properties have been reported, as well as anti-viral and anti-microbial
benefits, supporting its usage in traditional medicine.
Phagocytosis and cytokine
production (increased TNF-, IL-1, and IFN-) were elevated in macrophages after
treatment with Echinacea extracts. Increased leukocyte mobility and activation
of natural killer cells have also been reported in both animals and humans.
Echinacea is a broad-spectrum
immunomodulator that affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The
three herbal extracts significantly enhanced interferon production while
inhibiting tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin (IL)-1 release. Only the E.
angustifolia and E. pallida treatments resulted in considerably enhanced IL-4
and IL-10 production.
It is crucial to note, however,
that the efficacy of Echinacea can vary depending on the preparation and study
methodology. Modulatory effects can vary between formulations. As a result, it
is necessary to thoroughly standardize and evaluate it prior to its use in
various immune system disorders, as the phytochemical profiles of distinct
Echinacea products vary greatly depending on the collected plant material,
species employed, and extraction processes.
Finally, Echinacea has been found
to have considerable immunomodulatory effects, activating immune cells and
boosting cytokine production.
c) Protection Against Viral, Bacterial, and
Fungal Infections using Echinacea
Echinacea has been shown to have
significant antiviral properties, particularly against viruses with membranes.
Human and avian influenza viruses, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial
virus, and rhinoviruses are all included. The capacity of Echinacea to block
specific viral components such as the influenza virus-specific hemagglutinin
and neuraminidase is related to its antiviral capabilities. However, the
antiviral activity of Echinacea varies depending on the species and portion of
the plant employed in the preparation. For example, different E. purpurea
extracts have demonstrated variable degrees of antiviral activity.
Echinacea purpurea has been
examined for its potential in preventing and treating respiratory tract
infections (RTIs), including SARS-CoV-2 infections, in the context of the
COVID-19 pandemic. According to one study, Echinacea purpurea extract lowered
the likelihood of viral RTIs such as SARS-CoV-2 and drastically reduced virus
levels in affected patients. Another study found that Echinacea had antiviral
action against enveloped respiratory infections such as coronaviruses.
Echinacea extracts have been
shown to have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. These extracts have
traditionally been used to treat wounds, boost the immune system, and cure
respiratory problems caused by bacterial infections.
Echinacea has long been used to
treat fungal infections. According to research, Echinacea extracts attack the
fungal cell wall. A study using a set of viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene
deletion mutants discovered that Echinacea-sensitive mutants were mostly
involved in cell wall integrity/structure. This shows that Echinacea extracts
target the fungal cell wall.
While these studies imply that
Echinacea may provide some protection against viral, bacterial, and fungal
infections, it is crucial to remember that the effectiveness varies depending
on the Echinacea preparation used. Not all formulations are likely to be
successful, and the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal actions of
Echinacea vary depending on the species and section of the plant utilized. More
research is required to confirm these findings in humans and standardize
Echinacea formulations for maximum efficacy.
d) Alleviation of Anxiety, Migraine Headaches, Dyspepsia, Skin Rashes,
and Bee Stings using Echinacea
Echinacea has long been used to
treat anxiety, migraine headaches, dyspepsia (indigestion), skin rashes, and
bee stings. According to certain research, echinacea may have anti-anxiety
properties due to its interaction with the endocannabinoid system. More
research is needed to validate these findings and discover the best beneficial
echinacea dosages and forms for these specific illnesses.
A study indicated that consuming
40 mg of Echinacea angustifolia extract twice daily for 7 days lowered anxiety
much more than a placebo. Another study discovered that both echinacea doses
(40 mg and 80 mg daily) were associated with larger changes in positive and
negative affect, as well as emotional health, implying antidepressant effects.
However, the anxiolytic effects of echinacea need to be validated further in
future experiments.
There is limited information on
the usefulness of echinacea in the treatment of migraine headaches. Some herbal
remedies, including echinacea, may interact with migraine drugs; thus, before
using echinacea for migraines, visit a healthcare practitioner.
There is no solid evidence to
support the use of echinacea to alleviate indigestion in dyspepsia. Some herbal
drinks, such as chamomile, ginger, and fennel, may, nevertheless, help reduce
indigestion.In terms of skin rashes, echinacea has showed promise in increasing
skin moisture and wrinkle reduction. Although Echinacea purpurea cream and gel
were found to be efficient in increasing skin hydration and wrinkle reduction,
they had poor storage stability. Because of its anti-inflammatory
characteristics, echinacea has also been used topically to treat skin disorders
such as eczema and acne.
Echinacea has traditionally been
used to alleviate skin irritations caused by insect bites, particularly bee
stings. More research is needed, however, to validate echinacea's usefulness in
treating bee stings.
To summarize, while echinacea has
traditionally been used to treat a variety of conditions, additional research
is needed to demonstrate its efficacy in treating anxiety, migraine headaches,
dyspepsia, skin rashes, and bee stings. Before utilizing echinacea for these
diseases, it is critical to consult with a healthcare practitioner.
4) Safety and Side Effects of Echinacea
Echinacea is a well-known herbal
supplement that is frequently used to treat the common cold and other diseases.
However, it is vital to remember that the majority of these applications are
not supported by good scientific evidence.
Echinacea's most common side
effects are stomach ache, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, vomiting, and
rash. Echinacea may induce redness, itching, or a rash when applied to the
skin. Short-term use is generally safe, with an Echinacea cream being used safely
for up to 12 weeks.
a) General Tolerance and Minor Adverse
Events for Echinacea
Most individuals tolerate
echinacea well, however it can have some modest side effects. Gastrointestinal
problems such as stomach pain, constipation, diarrhea, and heartburn are
examples. Some folks may also have nausea and skin rashes.
Certain drugs may interact with
Echinacea, influencing how quickly the body breaks them down. This may affect
the effectiveness and negative effects of certain medications. For example,
Echinacea may slow the rate at which the body breaks down caffeine, thereby
increasing caffeine levels and the likelihood of caffeine side effects such as
jitteriness, headache, and rapid heartbeat.
Before using Echinacea, check
with your doctor, especially if you are taking other medications, have a
history of allergies, or have an autoimmune problem. Your healthcare
professional can advise you on whether Echinacea is safe for you and the
recommended dosage.
b) Rare Instances of Allergic Reactions of
Echinacea
Echinacea, a popular herbal
treatment, has been linked to allergy reactions in certain people, particularly
those allergic to Asteraceae species like ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds,
and daisies. These allergic reactions can range from mild to severe, with
symptoms such as rashes, worsening asthma, and anaphylaxis, a potentially fatal
allergic reaction.
In an Australian investigation,
researchers discovered over 24 adverse reactions to Echinacea, including
anaphylaxis, acute asthma attacks, severe urticaria (hives), and edema. Over
half of these patients had additional allergies, and many of their symptoms
happened after their first known dose of Echinacea.
The phenomena of cross-reactivity
may explain these allergic reactions. This happens when someone who is allergic
to one allergen (such as pollen) also reacts to comparable chemicals found in
other plants or foods. Sensitization to Asteraceae pollen, for example, has
been associated to allergic reactions to plant-derived complementary and
alternative treatments (CAM) like Echinacea.
Atopic patients, or those
predisposed to allergic reactions, may be overrepresented among those reporting
Echinacea reactions. In the absence of known exposure, some atopic people
exhibit positive skin prick test findings to Echinacea, implying that cross-reactivity
between Echinacea and other environmental allergens may produce allergy
reactions in these "Echinacea-naive" subjects.
While Echinacea is typically
regarded safe for the majority of individuals, it might produce adverse effects
such as shivering, fever, muscle weakness, hepatitis, rashes, delayed asthmatic
symptoms, muscle aches and pains, and stomach distress. Individuals with known
allergies, particularly to plants in the Asteraceae family, should use
Echinacea with caution and contact with a healthcare provider before beginning
any new supplement regimen.
c) Potential Liver Injury using Echinacea
Echinacea is a well-known herbal
supplement that is usually thought to be safe for short-term use. However,
there have been isolated reports of liver damage as a result of its use. In one
case study, a 58-year-old lady developed severe hepatitis after taking
Echinacea for 10 days to treat common cold symptoms. The liver injury decreased
initially after she stopped taking Echinacea, but 4 months later, her liver
biochemistry began to rise again, leading to a diagnosis of autoimmune
hepatitis.
Another case was a 45-year-old
man who developed jaundice after commencing an echinacea root extract (1500 mg
daily) regimen. His liver injury healed after a month of discontinuing the
supplement. The liver injury in both cases was presumably caused by Echinacea,
although the exact cause is unknown. It is hypothesized that the mechanism of
liver injury is caused by a contaminant or incorrect labeling of the product,
or that it represents hepatic signs of hypersensitivity.
Given these rare cases, it is
critical that individuals consider all herbal and dietary supplements to be
potential causes of liver injury and contact with a healthcare physician before
beginning any new supplement regimen.
5) Echinacea in Veterinary Practice
Echinacea, often known as purple
coneflower, is a dietary supplement derived from the plant Echinacea. It is
most commonly used to boost the immune system, as an anti-inflammatory, or to
decrease the duration of upper respiratory illnesses. Dogs, cats, rabbits, and
horses are the most common animals to receive the supplement. According to
animal research, echinacea reduces inflammation and the severity of upper
respiratory symptoms by increasing immune function.
A study on the effectiveness of
Echinacea in stimulating the immune system of horses discovered that Echinacea
treatment increased the phagocytic ability of isolated neutrophils, increased
peripheral lymphocyte counts, and appeared to stimulate neutrophil migration
from peripheral circulation into tissues. The Echinacea supplement enhanced the
size and concentration of peripheral red blood cells, as well as hemoglobin
concentration and packed cell volume. According to the findings, Echinacea
successfully boosts horse immunocompetence and acts as a haematinic agent in
equine individuals.
A study that looked at the
effects of Echinacea purpurea (EP) supplementation on dairy calves discovered
that it was associated with lower haptoglobin levels, segmented neutrophil
counts, segmented neutrophil per lymphocyte ratio, respiratory scores in auction
derived calves, and higher lymphocyte counts and d 28 rectal temperature.
Although only moderate health and growth gains were detected, the study
indicated that EP supplementation to dairy calves was related with
immunomodulation and reduced inflammation, as evidenced by blood indicators.
A study that looked at the
therapeutic effects of a herbal mixture (Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza
glabra) on clinical coccidiosis in broilers discovered that the herbal mixture
has promising effects on managing coccidiosis in broiler chickens. The study
found that the examined herbal complex's anti-coccidial activity recommends its
usage as an alternate anti-coccidial agent to chemotherapeutic medicines for
reducing coccidiosis in chicken.
Finally, Echinacea has
demonstrated encouraging benefits in improving the immune system and lowering
inflammation in a variety of species, including horses, cattle, and poultry. To
ensure safety and efficacy, it should be used under the supervision of a veterinarian,
as with any supplement.
6) Echinacea Products
Echinacea is a well-known herbal
remedy with immune-boosting qualities. It comes in a variety of forms,
including teas, juices, extracts, capsules, and pills. There are also
combination tinctures of seeds, roots, leaves, and flowers available.
Echinacea tea is produced from
the plant's dried leaves and blossoms. They are consumed because of their
possible immune-boosting properties. According to one study, participants with
early cold and flu symptoms who drank several cups of echinacea tea every day
for five days felt better sooner than those who drank tea without echinacea.
Fresh or dried plant material is
used to make Echinacea juice. They are ingested for the possibility of health
advantages. One study discovered that giving freshly pressed Echinacea purpurea
juice to healthy participants affected the amount of distinct subpopulations of
B- and T-lymphocytes.
Echinacea extracts are
concentrated liquid forms of the active components in the plant that can be
taken alone or blended with water or other beverages. These extracts contain a
variety of substances that contribute to their medicinal benefits, including as
polysaccharides, glycoproteins, alkamides, volatile oils, and flavonoids.
d) Echinacea Capsules and Tablets
Echinacea capsules and tablets
are nutritional supplements that contain dried and powdered forms of the
plant's active components. These forms are useful for people who do not want to
consume the plant in its raw or liquid state. They are also simple to measure
and control dose.
e) Combined Tinctures of Seeds, Roots,
Leaves, and Flowers containing Echinacea
Combination tinctures of
Echinacea seeds, roots, leaves, and flowers are prepared by infusing all parts
of the Echinacea plant in alcohol or glycerin. This method allows for the
extraction of the plant's active compounds, which are thought to have a variety
of health benefits.
Echinacea is well-known for its
immune-boosting capabilities and is frequently used to alleviate the severity
and length of typical cold symptoms. Polysaccharides, glycoproteins, alkamides,
volatile oils, and flavonoids are among the compounds found in it that
contribute to its medicinal effects. The plant's roots contain a high
concentration of volatile oils, whereas the plant's above-ground sections
contain more polysaccharides, which are known to stimulate immune system
activity.
The plant material is often
steeped in alcohol or glycerin for several weeks to form a mixed Echinacea
tincture. This enables the extraction of active chemicals. The liquid is then
stored in a dark glass bottle after the mixture has been filtered. The tincture
can be taken on its own or blended with water or tea. Instead of alcohol, the
tincture can be produced with vegetable glycerin for youngsters and others who
want to avoid alcohol.
The roots and aerial parts of
three Echinacea species are employed in herbal medicines: Echinacea purpurea,
Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida. Caffeic acid derivatives
(phenolic compounds), alkamides, and polysaccharides are the major active components
in Echinacea. Echinacea extracts include many caffeic acid derivatives,
including caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, echinacoside, and
chichoric acid.
Echinacea tinctures are primarily
used to treat a variety of diseases and to boost the immune system in order to
combat flu and colds. It is critical to administer this tincture before the
virus enters the bloodstream, as it is ineffective once the infection has
passed the blood-brain barrier.
7) Quality Control and Assurance of Echinacea
Echinacea quality control and
assurance entails a range of measures to assure the product's purity, potency,
and safety. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) fingerprinting is
one of the most often used methods for distinguishing the chemical profiles of
Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia. Another method for qualitative
analysis of important chemicals in Echinacea extracts is to employ Liquid
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).
It is crucial to note, however,
that different procedures can produce different outcomes. For example, one
study discovered that the Ultraviolet (UV) approach, which is typically used
for determining the content of household Echinacea extracts, produced considerably
different results than the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
method. As a result, it is advised that the HPLC method be used to standardize
extract quality and enhance market access norms.
Unfortunately, not all Echinacea
products meet the labeling requirements. ConsumerLab.com discovered that just
four of the eleven brands of Echinacea purchased for testing contained what was
stated on their labels. Approximately 10% of the standardized preparations had
no Echinacea at all; half were mislabeled in terms of the species of Echinacea
in the product; and more than half of the standardized preparations did not
contain the labeled amount of active components.
a) Factors Affecting Echinacea Quality
Growing conditions, geographical
origins, illnesses and pests, plant organ selection, harvesting age, and
species can all have an impact on Echinacea quality. For example, one study
discovered that crop season affected both morphological and agronomic features,
with spring-grown plants generating more stems and flowers but less leaves than
autumn-grown plants.
Echinacea's chemical composition
varies based on the section of the plant. For example, the roots have large
amounts of volatile oils, whereas the above-ground sections of the plant
contain more polysaccharides, which are known to stimulate immune system
activity. The availability of various caffeic acid derivatives, such as
cichoric acid, has been linked to developmental stage, with a rise during
capitula production and a decrease during flowering.
Environmental conditions can also
alter Echinacea purpurea's metabolite composition and immunological function.
According to one study, the metabolite content of Echinacea purpurea in China
was altered by geographical location and environmental factors such as climate
and soil.
Aside from these elements,
cultivation procedures such as watering, fertilizing, and pest control can all
have an impact on the quality of Echinacea plants. Proper maintenance, such as
ample sunlight, well-drained soil, and proper watering and feeding, can assist
assure Echinacea plant growth and quality.
b) Popularity, Diversity, and Quality of
Echinacea
Echinacea, a North American herb,
has grown in popularity in recent years due to its alleged health advantages.
It has been used to heal infections, wounds, and as a general
"cure-all" for almost 400 years. The growing demand for Echinacea has
resulted in an increase in both wildcrafting and commercial production.
Echinacea has nine identified
species, all of which are endemic to North America. In the natural products
industry, three species, E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida, are
currently sold internationally. Fresh, freeze-dried, dried, alcohol-based
extract, liquid, tincture, tea, capsules, and salve are all examples of how
these species are utilized.
Because different portions of the
plant are used and one, two, or all three species are present in different
products, the quality of Echinacea products can vary greatly. Because different
portions of the plant contain different chemical substances that stimulate the
immune system, this difference can impact the pharmacological effects of the
products.
Echinacea has traditionally been
used to treat toothaches, snakebites, insect bites, skin wounds, upper
respiratory infections, fever, colic, coughs, bronchitis, urinary tract
infections, sore throats, and the flu. However, while some studies have demonstrated
minor advantages, such as shortening the duration of cold symptoms, there are
no high-quality research that support the use of Echinacea for upper
respiratory infections.
Echinacea, despite its
popularity, is not suitable for everyone. It can cause fever, nausea, and
vomiting and is not recommended for people with certain conditions, such as
progressive systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis, or multiple sclerosis, HIV or AIDS, allergies to plants in the
sunflower or daisy family, or those undergoing cancer therapy.
Echinacea's popularity has also
resulted in the production of native cultivars, which introduce Echinacea in
brilliant colors, compact shapes, extended bloom periods, and stiffer stems.
However, over-harvesting for the herbal product sector and human habitat change
endanger wild populations of Echinacea. This has resulted in significant
population declines in several Echinacea species, causing them to be classified
as endangered.
8) Future Perspectives of Echinacea
Echinacea, a popular herbal
supplement, may provide a variety of health benefits, including
anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antibacterial properties that have yet to be
fully translated into new applications. varying Echinacea species and organs
have varying chemistry and bioactivity, which might provide to fascinating and
diversified commercial potential.
a) Biotechnology and Commercialization
Due to the popularity of
Echinacea as a natural health product (NHP), Echinacea biotechnology has grown
significantly in recent decades. Echinacea's global market value is estimated
to be around $1.3 billion, reflecting its broad use and demand.
Biotechnological developments
like as bioreactors, genetic engineering, and controlled biotic or abiotic
elicitation have the potential to dramatically increase Echinacea product
output, uniformity, and overall quality. Bioreactors and tissue culture methods,
for example, can help address bottlenecks in cultivation, the usage of rare
species, and product standardization concerns. These techniques can generate
hundreds of clonal plants from parent plant cuttings, allowing for more
consistent secondary metabolite profiles, year-round production, and reduced
microbial contamination.
While genetic engineering is
contentious because to public worries about genetically modified organisms
(GMOs), it can also provide solutions to some of the industry's problems.
Genetic alterations, for example, can result in the generation of Echinacea cultivars
with reduced seed dormancy, which is one of the most difficult issues in
Echinacea cultivation.
These technologies are also
enabling new applications for Echinacea. For example, Echinacea seed oil and
antibacterial and immune-boosting livestock feed additives are emerging as
promising new uses for this plant.
Despite these advances, the
Echinacea business faces a number of obstacles. Some of the concerns that
plague the sector are fungal infections, seed dormancy, low germination rates,
and a comparatively long maturity time. The most difficult difficulty is product
standardization. Different commercial brands use different genotypes, plant
sections and mixtures, as well as varying growing conditions, harvesting
periods, and extraction procedures, resulting in qualitative and quantitative
irregularities in bioactive chemical composition.
The hunt for ways to address the
increasing demand for consistent, high-quality Echinacea products is ongoing.
For example, a quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
approach for ensuring the quality of Echinacea products on the North American
market has been created.
To summarize, while Echinacea
biotechnology has achieved remarkable advances and holds great promise for new
uses, it also faces substantial difficulties. Continued study and development
in this area will be critical to overcoming these obstacles and fully achieving
Echinacea's promise as a natural health product.
b) Future Research Directions for Echinacea
Future research directions for
Echinacea, particularly Echinacea purpurea, are multifaceted and focus on
several key areas, including dermatological effects, elite germplasm line
selection, biochemical characterization of bioactive compounds, and the development
of novel germplasm for enhanced phytochemical production.
In the treatment of skin and
wound irritation, Echinacea purpurea has shown encouraging benefits. Its
bioactive components, including caffeic acid derivatives (caftaric and cichoric
acid), have antioxidant, antiaging, and wound healing properties. Cichoric
acid, in particular, has been demonstrated to have skin-beneficial properties
such as antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory action. A tiny
dermatological investigation found that Echinacea purpurea preparations can
successfully increase skin moisture and reduce wrinkles without causing skin
discomfort. Future research could therefore concentrate on expanding these
trials and producing Echinacea purpurea-based products for skin and wound
inflammation.
ii) Selection of Elite Germplasm Lines
A critical part of Echinacea
research is the selection of superior germplasm lines. Elite germplasm lines
have been selectively cultivated for desirable characteristics such as disease
resistance, high yield, and specialized phytochemical profiles. These lines'
selection can aid in the production of Echinacea cultivars with improved
therapeutic qualities.
iii) Biochemical Characterization of
Bioactive Compounds
Alkylamides, polysaccharides,
glycoproteins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds are among the bioactive
chemicals found in Echinacea purpurea. These chemicals have been linked to a
variety of pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Future study could
concentrate on the biochemical characterisation of these molecules in order to
better understand their roles and potential medical applications.
iv) Development of Novel Germplasm
Novel germplasm, fast
multiplication, and genetic changes can all improve phytochemical output in
Echinacea. Echinacea tissue cultivation in vitro can be quite useful in this
approach. Recent advances in liquid culture techniques, large-scale
bioreactors, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation are altering Echinacea
species' production properties. Future study could concentrate on improving
existing approaches and investigating novel strategies for genetic manipulation
to increase the synthesis of beneficial chemicals in Echinacea.
In conclusion, future Echinacea
research directions are promising and could lead to the development of new
therapeutic products for skin and wound inflammation, as well as the
enhancement of Echinacea's phytochemical production through the selection of elite
germplasm lines and the development of novel germplasm.
9) Real life Stories and Testimonials for
the Health Benefits of Echinacea
An anonymous WebMD user reported
taking Echinacea for upper respiratory tract infections and giving it a rating
of 4.3 out of 5 for effectiveness, convenience of use, and contentment.
Everyday Health user reported using Echinacea to treat persistent cold sores.
They took Echinacea on a regular basis and haven't had a cold sore since.
Another Everyday Health customer reported considerable gains after taking
Echinacea with goldenseal for a year and a half. They reported that while
Echinacea did not heal them, it did help. Everyday Health's third user reported
taking Echinacea as an immune booster during the cold and flu season. They take
it every day during this time, and three times a week the rest of the year.
They found it useful in keeping common colds and flu at bay. A New York
Magazine writer who was prescribed Echinacea drops by a friend said the drops helped
her recover from severe seasonal sinus congestion. She claimed that nearly all
of her problems improved in record time. She now believes Echinacea to be an
essential component of her healing strategy.
FAQ’s
Echinacea, also known as
coneflower, is a purple flower native to North America. It has been used as a
medicinal herb for over 400 years, primarily for boosting the immune system and
treating various health problems
2) What are the health benefits of
Echinacea?
Echinacea is most commonly used
to prevent and treat colds. It may also help fight off various infections,
including urinary tract infections and ear infections, and aid in wound
healing. Some early research shows that echinacea cream may help soothe skin
irritation caused by eczema
Echinacea contains several
chemicals, including polysaccharides and glycoproteins, that may boost your
body's immune system. It helps your body create white blood cells, which fight
off germs that cause infection
4) Can Echinacea help prevent colds?
Echinacea may strengthen your
body's immune system, helping you fight colds and flus caused by viruses or
bacteria. However, the evidence supporting this is weak and more research is
needed
5) Can Echinacea treat infections?
Echinacea may play a role in
fighting off various infections, including urinary tract infections and ear
infections. However, if the problem continues, it is recommended to see a
doctor
6) Can Echinacea help with eczema?
Early research shows that daily
use of echinacea cream may help soothe irritation caused by eczema and help
build up the protective outer layer of skin. However, more research is needed
to confirm this
7) Are there any side effects of Echinacea?
When taken at normal doses,
echinacea causes few side effects. Some people have reported symptoms such as
upset stomach, headache, sore throat, drowsiness, and rash
8) Can Echinacea cause allergic reactions?
Although rare, echinacea can
cause allergic reactions. In severe cases, it can cause anaphylaxis, a
life-threatening reaction. People with asthma or other allergies are at high
risk, especially those who are allergic to plants in the daisy family
9) Can Echinacea interact with other
medications?
Yes, echinacea can interact with
certain medications, particularly those that suppress the immune system. It is
recommended to consult with a doctor before taking echinacea if you are on any
medication
10) Is Echinacea safe for children?
Echinacea is possibly safe when
taken by mouth or applied to the skin for up to 10 days in children. However,
rashes due to an allergic reaction can occur. It is recommended to consult with
a pediatrician before giving echinacea to a child
11) Can Echinacea help with anxiety?
There is some anecdotal evidence
suggesting that echinacea may help reduce feelings of anxiety. However, more
research is needed to confirm this
12) Can Echinacea help with acne?
Anecdotal evidence suggests that
echinacea may help alleviate acne. However, human trials are still needed to
confirm this
13) Can Echinacea help with wound healing?
Echinacea may aid in wound
healing, particularly for wounds or cuts that are slow to heal. However, more
research is needed to confirm this
14) Can Echinacea help with inflammation?
Echinacea seems to activate
chemicals in the body that decrease inflammation. It might also increase the
body's immune system
15) Can Echinacea help with memory loss?
Echinacea contains chicoric acid,
which may help reduce inflammation in the brain associated with memory loss.
However, more research is needed to confirm this
16) Can Echinacea help with blood sugar
levels?
There is some anecdotal evidence
suggesting that echinacea may help lower blood sugar levels. However, more
research is needed to confirm this
17) What forms does Echinacea come in?
Echinacea is available in many
forms, including pills, juices, creams, chewables, gummies, syrup, lozenges,
capsules, liquid extract, powder, and tea
18) What is the recommended dosage of Echinacea?
There is no standard recommended
dose for echinacea as it comes in many forms. It is recommended to follow all
directions on the product label or consult with a doctor before using
19) Can Echinacea be used for long-term?
It is not recommended to take
echinacea for more than 2 weeks unless advised by a doctor
20) Where can I buy Echinacea?
Echinacea products can be bought
from reputable companies. It is recommended to talk to a doctor to select a
trustworthy source of echinacea
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